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Europe 2023

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Contents

Ireland - Macroeconomic overview 

Ireland - Economic indicators

Ireland - Economic indicators Q1 23

Ireland - Energy Prices  

Ireland - Energy Prices Q1 23

Ireland - National holidays

Ireland - National Holidays Q1 23

Ireland - Output 

Ireland - Output Q1 23

Ireland - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Ireland - Construction health and safety practices and culture 

Ireland - Health and Safety Q1 23

Ireland - Linesight average construction costs 2023

Ireland - Irish average costs Q1 2023

UK - Macroeconomic overview 

UK - Economic indicators

UK Economic indicators Q1 23

UK - Energy Prices

UK - Energy Prices Q1 23

UK - National holidays

UK - National Holidays Q1 23

UK - Output 

UK - Output Q1 23

UK - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

UK - Construction health and safety practices and culture

UK - Health and Safety Q1 23

Belgium - Economic indicators  

Belgium - Energy Prices

Belgium - National holidays  

Belgium - Output 

Belgium - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

Macroeconomic overview 

Belgium - Economic indicators 

Belgium - Economic indicators Q1 23

Belgium - Energy Prices

Belgium - Energy Prices Q1 23

Belgium - National holidays 

Belgium - National Holidays Q1 23

Belgium - Output

Belgium - Output Q1 23

Belgium - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Denmark - Macroeconomic overview 

Denmark - Economic indicators

Denmark - Economic indicators Q1 23

Denmark - Energy Prices

Denmark - Energy Prices Q1 23

Denmark - National holidays

Denmark - National Holidays Q1 23

Denmark - Output 

Denmark - Output Q1 23

Denmark - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Finland - Macroeconomic overview 

Finland - Economic indicators

Finland - Economic indicators Q1 23

Finland - Energy Prices

Finland - Energy Prices Q1 23

Finland - National holidays

Finland - National Holidays Q1 23

Finland - Output 

Finland - Output Q1 23

Finland - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

France - Macroeconomic overview 

France - Economic indicators

France - Economic indicators Q1 23

France - Energy Prices

France - Energy Prices Q1 23

France - National holidays

France - National Holidays Q1 23

France - Output 

France - Output Q1 23

France - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Germany - Macroeconomic overview 

Germany - Economic indicators

Germany - Economic indicators Q1 23

Germany - Energy Prices

Germany - Energy Prices Q1 23

Germany - National holidays

Germany - National Holidays Q1 23

Germany - Output 

Germany - Output Q1 23

Germany - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Israel - Macroeconomic overview 

Israel - Economic indicators

Israel - Economic indicators Q1 23

Israel - Energy Prices

Israel - Energy Prices Q1 23

Israel - National holidays

Israel - National Holidays Q1 23

Israel - Output 

Israel - Output Q1 23

Israel - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Israel - Construction health and safety practices and culture

Israel - Health and Safety Q1 23

Italy - Macroeconomic overview 

Italy - Economic indicators

Italy - Economic indicators Q1 23

Italy - Energy Prices

Italy - Energy Prices Q1 23

Italy - National holidays

Italy - National Holidays Q1 23

Italy - Output 

Italy - National Holidays Q1 23

Italy - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Netherlands - Macroeconomic overview 

Netherlands - Economic indicators

Netherlands - Economic indicators Q1 23

Netherlands - Energy Prices

Netherlands - Energy Prices Q1 23

Netherlands - National holidays

Netherlands - National Holidays Q1 23

Netherlands - Output 

Netherlands - Output Q1 23

Netherlands - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Norway - Macroeconomic overview 

Norway - Economic indicators

Norway - Economic indicators Q1 23

Norway - Energy Prices

Norway - Energy Prices Q1 23

Norway - National holidays

Norway - National Holidays Q1 23

Norway - Output 

Norway - Output Q1 23

Norway - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Spain - Macroeconomic overview 

Spain - Economic indicators

Spain - Economic indicators Q1 23

Spain - Energy Prices

Spain - Energy Prices Q1 23

Spain - National holidays

Spain - National Holidays Q1 23

Spain - Output 

Spain - Output Q1 23

Spain - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 

Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 

Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Spain - Construction health and safety practices and culture

Spain - Health and Safety Q1 23

Sweden - Macroeconomic overview 

Sweden - Economic indicators

Sweden - Economic indicators Q1 23

Sweden - Energy Prices

Sweden - Energy Prices Q1 23

Sweden - National holidays

Sweden - National Holidays Q1 23

Sweden - Output 

Sweden - Output Q1 23

Sweden - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

Switzerland - Macroeconomic overview 

Switzerland - Economic indicators

Switz - Economic indicators Q1 23

Switzerland - Energy Prices

Switz - Energy Prices Q1 23

Switzerland - National holidays

Switz - National Holidays Q1 23

Switzerland - Output 

Switz - Output Q1 23

Switzerland - Long-lead equipment (LLE) and Supply Chain narrative 

2022 was a turbulent year for the global supply chain with the fallout from the global pandemic combined with the emergence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, leading to supply chain disruptions across the globe. However, 2023 is showing signs of relief in the market for long lead equipment (LLE). The following are the specifics of the LLE supply chain dynamic:

  1. Demand: Demand for LLE has remained exceptionally high across all regions and industry sectors. Organizations have moved to expand their supply chain portfolios and include secondary and tertiary suppliers, whilst most are continuing to invest in inventory management systems to prevent any supply chain disruptions. There is no sign of reduced demand, so the constraints to the supply chain will continue for the remainder of 2023. 
  2. Supply: The stock levels of raw materials have finally started to stabilise, alleviating some recent pressures on manufacturers and suppliers. However, it is worth noting that most LLE suppliers have reported being at operational capacity, with order books full up to Q3 2024, which may cause some concern for those relying on their products. Nevertheless, there is some hope as Tier 2 and Tier 3 supply chains have started to increase their capacity and support the larger demand within the market, which may help to mitigate any negative impact of capacity restrictions. 
  3. Freight durations and costs: Freight durations have begun to shorten in early 2023 as the global infrastructure and operations have developed to meet the rising demand and freight companies are shipping much faster than they did during the pandemic. Average freight costs have also reduced to align with pre-pandemic levels suggesting a return to normality within the industry. The benefits have been experienced in early 2023 and further reductions are expected throughout the rest of 2023.

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